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On January 24, 1984, Apple Computer Inc. (now Apple Inc.) introduced the Macintosh personal computer, retroactively renamed to the Macintosh 128K model. The operating system of early Macintoshes is named 'System Software' or 'System', and its ensuing series was later renamed to Mac OS after 7.5. The Macintosh platform is credited with having popularized the concept of the graphical user interface. Alpha Centauri succeeds as the best planetary colonization game because of three mechanics-driven elements: 1) The alien planet you are colonizing feels aptly alien because of unique mechanics tied to how you build and expand. Winds on the planet always move from east to west, which makes rainfall more beneficial in areas west of elevated terrain.

Planet Colonization is a Management, Strategy, Sci-fi, and Single-player video game developed by Araknumia Software. Throughout the game, the player finds himself in a space on a habitable exoplanet with solid ground, water, and natural resources. After a planet or moon is terraformed, colonization starts. Planetary Colonization At Apogee is a period of time when population does not change significantly over time, population age structure is stable and the economy is well developed. Usually, the number of inhabitants is close to Population Limit. This period can last from years to millennia, sometimes altering with recessions and second growths.

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Biology Faculty Articles

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

8-22-2019

Publication Title

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

Keywords

Microorganisms, Solar System, Colonization, Mars, Planetary Protection Policy

ISSN

Planetary Colonization Mac Os Catalina

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Abstract

Based on modern microbiology, we propose a major revision in current space exploration philosophy and planetary protection policy, especially regarding microorganisms in space. Mainly, microbial introduction should not be considered accidental but inevitable. We hypothesize the near impossibility of exploring new planets without carrying and/or delivering any microbial travelers. In addition, although we highlight the importance of controlling and tracking such contaminations—to explore the existence of extraterrestrial microorganisms—we also believe that we must discuss the role of microbes as primary colonists and assets, rather than serendipitous accidents, for future plans of extraterrestrial colonization. This paradigm shift stems partly from the overwhelming evidence of microorganisms’ diverse roles in sustaining life on Earth, such as symbioses and ecosystem services (decomposition, atmosphere effects, nitrogen fixation etc).

Therefore, we propose a framework for new discussion based on the scientific implications of future colonization and terraforming: (i) focus on methods to track and avoid accidental delivery of Earth's harmful microorganisms and genes to extraterrestrial areas; (ii), begin a rigorous program to develop and explore ‘Proactive Inoculation Protocols’ (PIP). We outline a rationale and solicit feedback to drive a public and private research agenda that optimizes diverse organisms for potential space colonization.

NSUWorks Citation

Lopez, Jose; Raquel S. Peixoto; and Alexandre S. Rosado. 2019. 'Inevitable Future: Space Colonization Beyond Earth with Microbes First.' FEMS Microbiology Ecology , (). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz127.

ORCID ID

0000-0002-1637-4125

DOI

10.1093/femsec/fiz127

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