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Version 8, 30th June 1998. For Booter 1.11.3

Index of Topics

What the heck is NetBSD/mac68k?
A Quick Overview of the Boot Process
Boot Options, Ad Nauseam
Common Boot Errors

What is the BSD/mac68k Booter?

The BSD/mac68k Booter is a Mac OS application which boots the NetBSD/mac68k(and OpenBSD/mac68k) operating system.

What the heck is NetBSD/mac68k?

NetBSD/mac68k, also known as MacBSD, is a port of the UNIX-like operatingsystem NetBSD to the Motorola 680x0 processor-based family of Macintoshcomputers. For more general information on NetBSD/mac68k, point your webbrowser at any of the following sites..http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/mac68k
The area of the main NetBSD web site dedicated to the mac68k port.

http://www.MacBSD.com/macbsd
The MacBSD web site, including more mac68k port-specific information.

If you like NetBSD/mac68k and/or use it, you should subscribe to the mac68kport mailing list, port-mac68k@NetBSD.org.You can subscribe the port-mac68k list on the NetBSD Mailing Listsweb page, or by sending mail tomajordomo@NetBSD.orgwith no subject and the single-line message:

subscribe port-mac68k

and send back the authentication mail you'll get.

Hardware Prerequisites

The minimum hardware configuration includes a 68020 with a 68851 PMMU chipor a 68030 or better processor, without which the Booter will refuse tostart. The Booter has been tested recently under System 7.1 and 7.5 (bothminimal and full installs), but it should work under any System 7 setup.System 6.0.x is not supported because the Booter requires the machine to bebooted in 32-Bit Addressing mode. The Booter also will certainly fail ifVirtual Memory is enabled, so turn that off too while you're snooping aroundin the Memory control panel.

The Macintosh models that are supported to some extent by NetBSD/mac68k varyon what seems to be a daily basis sometimes. Check the web sites, and especially the user surveycontained therein, for more information.

How do I boot this silly thing!?

First and foremost you must have formatted and partitioned a drive for A/UX,and run Mkfs, and downloaded and installed at least the base package and akernel. If you haven't done this, you should visit the above Web sites for more information.

Assuming you have enough of Unix (and Mac OS!) installed, here is how to bootit:

Open the BSD/mac68k Booter from the Mac OS. A window will appear entitled 'BSD/mac68k Launch'. The default Booter settings should work for most Macs, although if your A/UX partitioned drive is not at SCSI ID 0, then you will need to configure the Booter.
Choose 'Booting..' from the Options menu to open the main 'Boot Options' configuration dialog. Configure the boot options in accordance with your system (the most commonly changed ones will be 'Root SCSI ID' and 'Kernel Name'). When you have finished, click OK
You may wish to edit some of the options under 'Serial ports..' if you want to use the serial console or boot echo features, or if you are having trouble booting on a machine with interesting serial port hardware (e.g. PowerBooks). If you want to log debugging information, you should look in 'Startup..'. All the boot options available are documented below in 'Boot Options Ad Nauseam'
After you have configured all the boot options you want, you may wish to save them for future boots, using the 'Save Options' command under the File menu
Now choose 'Boot Now' from the Options menu

A Quick Overview of the Boot Process

First off, the Booter must attempt to open the kernel you've specified. Ifyou've specified a kernel in your BSD partition, it will take a second tosearch for it. Then the Booter will (hopefully) identify the kernel as a68K executable and print its entry address, which will look similar to this:

MID_M68K executable: entry 0x3356.

https://site-4775713-633-8478.mystrikingly.com/blog/crash-slendercoot-mac-os. (Here, as in the rest of the boot process, the numbers you get may not bethe same as the numbers I get. They are highly kernel-dependent.) Then itwill proceed to load the kernel. As the different sections of the kernel areloaded, numbers will appear in the status window, which look something likethis:

768400+57532+99064+45588+48244

These numbers correspond to the sizes of the text (executable machine code)section, the static data section, the bss (uninitialized data) section, thesymbol table, and the string table, respectively. The final message displayedbefore the jump to kernel space should be as follows:

Then the system will act as if it is restarting, and when the restart wouldnormally happen, the screen will go blank and a short list of memory mappingswill appear, followed by a copyright notice and autoconfiguration information,which signals that you've booted.

Boot Options, Ad Nauseam

The boot process is not completely machine- and installation-independent.Therefore, the Booter allows you to set certain options and flags in orderto communicate to the kernel important facts about your machine. Most ofthese options are set in the 'Booting' dialogwindow, though some are set in the 'Serialports..', 'Monitors' and the 'Preferences' dialog windows.

Booting dialog window:

Described below are the options that can be set from the 'Booting' dialogwindow. In most cases you should be able to boot after modifying only theseoptions.

Kernel Location: Mac OS file or BSD device

The chief purpose of the Booter is to load the BSD operating system code into memory. This code is called the kernel and is normally contained in a file called netbsd. This file is normally in the root directory of the root partition of your BSD file system. However, it is also possible to load kernels from the Mac OS file system, such as when testing new systems, or on systems where SCSI is not yet supported. This boot option lets you select the location of your kernel; if you select Mac OS the Booter will look in its own folder for the kernel (or another folder selected by pressing the 'Set' button). This option should, as stated above, normally be set to BSD device.

Kernel Name

Normally, the kernel is named netbsd, and that is what you should enter for the Kernel Name. However, if you are testing a recently-installed kernel, or simply want to boot an alternate kernel, you can enter that name here too. Note well, however, that much BSD software assumes that the kernel is named netbsd and is in the root directory, so if you have a kernel that works well, you should probably name it as that.

Partition and Root SCSI ID

The Booter needs to know which partition contains your kernel, if you are booting from the BSD/mac68k file system. You should enter the SCSI ID of the drive which contains your root partition. If there is no SCSI ID entered, zero is assumed. By default, the Booter should locate your root partition. If you have more than one such partition at the selected SCSI ID, you may want to force it to use one of them by entering the name of the partition in the Partition Name field (This would be the name which your disk formatting software gave the partition when you created it e.g. 'UNIX Root&Usr slice 0', 'NetBSD Root & Usr' or 'A/UX Root'). If you do not enter a name, the Booter tries to guess the correct partition. The first Unix (i.e. type='Apple_UNIX_SVR2') partition with 'Root' in the name is its best guess, and if there isn't one of those, then the first Unix partition which doesn't have 'Swap' in it's name is its next best.

Sonja mac os. Enabled?

This option will allow systems to boot without a root SCSI ID specified, e.g. using NFS filesystems. For normal usage you will probably want to leave this on.

Ask for alternate root/swap?

This option allows the user to specify an alternate root or swap device right before the root partition is mounted. This allows you to, for example, boot off a kernel on the first SCSI disk (sd0) and specify that root is on cd0 (a CD-ROM) or sd1 (et cetera). For normal usage you will probably want to leave this blank.

RAM size and Auto-size RAM

You should click Auto-size RAM to have the Booter automatically calculate the amount of RAM installed in your computer. This will not be an option in future releases. The paranoid can type in the amount of RAM (in megabytes) in the appropriate box as well.

https://nz-paypal-blackjack-online-wired-poker.peatix.com. GMT Bias and Auto-set GMT Bias

This should be a number of minutes which are added to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time, also known as Greenwich Mean Time or GMT) to get to your time zone. If you have the Mac OS Map control panel set with your location, you can enable the 'Auto-set GMT Bias' option to set this information.

Single User

This option tells the kernel to boot the system in single-user (administrative) mode, as opposed to your normal everyday multi-user boot. This can be necessary when you're having trouble booting into multi-user, or if you need to edit some files before the system finishes booting.

Extra kernel debugging messages

This option tells the kernel to display some extra debugging information.

Jump into debugger after booting

This flag tells the kernel to go into the debugger (either kgdb or ddb) shortly after initialization.

Don't disable VBL interrupts on video cards

Booter versions after version 1.8 attempt to disable vertical blanking (VBL) interrupts on all active video cards found, because current implementations of the grf_mv (Macintosh QuickDraw-compatible NuBus video card) driver do not handle VBL interrupts reliably. If this process fails (and it should be obvious if it fails; an error code is printed and the boot stops) then you should check this box and try booting again.

Video address hack (for LC575 & LC475)

This option should allow the internal video to be used as the console on these two Macs with almost any kernel. These machines use the MMU to remap the video address under Mac OS, and this mapping is lost when BSD/mac68k kernel execution begins. Do not use this option for any machine other than the LC/Performa 475, 575 & 630 series, as it may cause undesired kernel crashes.

Serial ports dialog window:

The options in this dialog window, described below, pertain chiefly to theinitial settings of the new zsc/zstty serial driver:

Serial Boot Echo

Output from the kernel will be echoed to the printer port at 9600 baud, no parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, if this option is checked. (See also the 'Default Serial Speed' boxes)

Serial Console (Modem or Printer)

The selected serial line will be used as the console, with the same communications settings as with Serial Boot Echo (above), if this option is checked. Be careful that you do not have a getty process running on the same serial line you are using as the console (i.e. do not run getty on both ttye0 and tty00 if Modem port is serial console) because this could panic the kernel. Note that you can select a port for the serial console, but the serial boot echo is always on the Printer port.

LocalTalk connected to Printer port

In some instances the kernel will freeze if it is connected to a high-traffic LocalTalk network. Although LocalTalk is not supported in the kernel, if this box is checked it will keep the kernel from panicking if it encounters this situation.

Open port before booting (for PowerBook)

In order for PowerBooks to use the serial port(s), they must be turned on before booting in order to get the Power Manager to turn the power on to the chip and the ports. Setting this option should only be necessary if you are booting NetBSD/mac68k on a PowerBook.

Default Serial Speed

With NetBSD/mac68k kernels later than 20th October 1997 (i.e. 1.3), the port speed can be set by typing the new speed in here. This might be useful if you want to log boot messages to a HP DeskJet printer, for example.

Set Modem (or Printer) port to 'stty raw' defaults

This option instructs the kernel to set the defaults for the serial port in question to those from the 'stty raw' command. BSD assumes serial ports are hooked up to terminals by default, and the default behavior for terminals is for the kernel to echo back characters that the user types into the terminal. In 'raw' mode, no assumptions are made about what's on the other end of the serial port. Among other changes, no characters are echoed back out the port.

The difference is important if your BSD/mac68k machine is connected to the serial interface of an HP DeskWriter printer. They (and possibly other printers) report status by sending a character to the host computer. Without this boot option, BSD would think that a person was typing these characters and echo them back. But then the printer thinks it is supposed to print these characters. On the DeskWriter, these characters can come out as ugly white-on-black block letters (garbage). This printing will happen seemingly spontaneously, with no intervention from the user. Setting this boot option should cure the problem.

This option is probably not appropriate for a serial port hooked to a terminal, as the normal terminal defaults are the best in this case.

External clock sources

The new zsc/zstty driver (introduced in NetBSD/mac68k 1.2) tries to support more of the options Apple originally foresaw for the Mac's serial ports. One feature is support for feeding the Mac a clock from which it will generate the baud rate used to send and receive data. Potential uses include talking to certain Personal LaserWriters and driving MIDI adapter units.

Baud (final Prototype) Mac Os Sierra

Each serial port has two input pins, so there are four possible clock rate values. When a clock rate is entered, two things happen. First, the associated pin is flagged as reserved for a clock, and second, the clock rate is considered when NetBSD requests a particular baud rate.

The first action happens as these pins (which have different names under BSD and Mac OS) are usually considered as modem signal pins by BSD. The kernel must respond accordingly whenever the modem thinks a data carrier has been detected, something which would normally happen less than once a second. Clock rates, on the other hand, are usually in the millions of cycles per second, so the clock reservation acts as a protection for the NetBSD kernel.

Note that one of the pins on the printer port (GPi/DCD) isn't actually usable by the baud rate hardware; it corresponds to the fully-featured clock input on the modem port. Thus it is included to protect the kernel from a device intended for the modem port yet connected to the printer port.

Monitors dialog window:

Current kernels and X Window servers cannot change video modes very well.The BSD/mac68k console will work with almost any depth or resolution, butthe X Window system (and maybe the DT multi-window console) cannot.

For those of you whose use your Macs for Mac OS as well as BSD/mac68k, theseoptions allow you to keep you Mac OS screen the way you like them, and thenchange the settings just before booting the BSD/mac68k kernel:

Change Monitor Colourmap to GreyScale

Support for colour is not currently in all X servers, but some of them do support 256 greys. This option should make the X Window system a little more usable on those systems

Change Monitor Depth

A set of common depths, some of which your Mac may not support. If the requested depth isn't supported, no depth change should occur

Change Monitor Resolution

Common Mac OS screen sizes, which both your monitor and your Mac may not support. If your Mac doesn't support the requested size, the screen may flash, but no change should happen. If you monitor doesn't support the requested resolution and scan rate, behaviour depends on the monitor and cable. Usually, there will be no resolution change. If you have a Mac to PC style cable which is set differently to your monitor's capabilities, the monitor may lose sync, and in rare situations, damage may occur

Note that these options only affect the main monitor. They don't currently doanything with multiple monitor setups.

Startup dialog window:

A few more miscellaneous options pertaining to the operation of the Booteritself are in the Preferences dialog window:

Auto boot on startup / Timeout before boot

If you have saved your normal boot preferences, you might want to just boot right into BSD as soon as you open the Booter. Checking 'Auto boot on startup' will make the Booter start booting a specified number of seconds after it starts.

Show dialog & wait for OK before booting

If the above option is checked, then a dialog window will appear before booting that asks you whether you want to Boot or Cancel. This was implemented so you might read the messages in the window before they are blanked out by the appearance of the console.

Debugging levelhttps://alabamasoft.mystrikingly.com/blog/witch-maker-mac-os.

Setting the debug level to 1 or greater values gets you lots of debugging spew in the status window that can help you diagnose what's going wrong in the boot process. But normally you will want to leave this at 0.

Log debugging to file / Set..

If you want to keep a log of the messages in the status window, so that you can dump it into a mail message or just look at it later, check this box and click on 'Set..' to choose where you want the log file created. Note that the Booter will not replace an already-existing log file, but will append to it, even though it says 'Replace existing 'bootlog'?' when you save it. Note also that when people ask for a bootlog they usually want you to turn debugging on (to level 1 or 2) and use this option. Normally, of course, you won't need to keep the bootlog turned on.

No env dumps

Baud (final Prototype) Mac Os 11

If this option is not checked, the Booter will dump the boot environment, a list of variables not unlike the UNIX process environment, into the status window before booting. If this option is checked, the booter will not spew this entire list of strings into the window before booting. They are nice for bug reports, but they do slow down the boot process. This option disabled goes well with 'Show dialog & wait for OK before booting' being enabled & a nice, big boot window. :)

Baud (final Prototype) Mac Os Download

Halt on non-fatal errors

A few errors (mostly concerning such recondite things as video board interrupt errors) are considered non-fatal. If you are having trouble with BSD/mac68k video, you might want to try turning this on, so that you can read the error messages as they scroll by. Mostly, though, you'll not need to worry about this; leave it unchecked

Common Boot Errors

Some of the following errors are practically FAQs on the port-mac68k list.Some are not. Any of these could possibly happen to you. This guide can helpyou understand what is going wrong. Don't leave Mac OS without it!

Couldn't locate any partitions on SCSI ID (0). Cannot open kernel(0,?)netbsd.

This error occurs when the Booter cannot open the partition you specified for the kernel. Check for typos in the SCSI ID and/or Partition Name boxes in the 'Booting' dialog window.

File 'foobar' is nonexistent. Cannot open kernel (0,?)foobar.

This error occurs when the Booter found the partition, but couldn't open the kernel you specified. Make sure you specified the right partition, and make sure you didn't mistype the name of the kernel (in the 'Booting' dialog window.)

Cannot malloc()..
malloc() failed..
Not enough free memory to load this kernel.
(et cetera)

These all mean that the Booter has run out of memory. Increase the Booter's memory partition using the 'Get Info' command in the Finder, and try booting again.

Magic numbers do not match -- Improper UFS partition.

This means that the Booter went to read the NetBSD partition you specified, and it didn't find a valid BSD filesystem there. Did you remember to run Mkfs on the partition?

Error -nnn turning off interrupts for slot SS
Error -nnn {getting name of,trying to open} slot 0xSS video driver
(et cetera)

Though these shouldn't happen, if a video card error stops your booting, you might want to try booting again with 'Don't disable VBL interrupts on video cards' checked in the 'Booting' dialog window.

Error #-nnn locking kernel memory.

The Booter is trying to boot with virtual memory enabled, and it couldn't lock the kernel buffer in real RAM. Booting with virtual memory enabled is not supported at all, and on top of that, it is extremely unlikely to work. You should turn off VM in the Memory control panel, restart, and try booting again.

Failed to read executable header from kernel image.
This kernel is not in a format which the Booter can execute.
The kernel does not appear to be a 68k kernel.
Short boot_read. Kernel file corrupt?

These messages all indicate that the Booter can't imagine that the file you have designated as a kernel is really a NetBSD 680x0 executable. It may have become corrupted in transfer - you did use binary mode when FTPing, didn't you? - or you may have forgotten to untar the kernel.

Booter Versions

The Booter src code package contains a file ChangeLog.txt which has a detailed log of differentBooter versions. Here is a summary of the ones you will probably need toknow about:

Version: 1.9.4
Author: Brian Gaeke

First Booter to support any 68040 (i.e. Quadra-class) machines. Known to boot kernels from NetBSD/mac68k versions 1.1 and later. For kernels older than 1.1, your mileage may vary -- in theory the support is still there, but it's not been tried in quite a while

Version: 1.9.6
Author: Allen Briggs

Allows booting with larger kernels (many post 1.2 kernels require this Booter)
Known to have problems booting the Mac IIvx

Version: 1.9.7
Author: Steve Brown

New 'Auto Set GMT bias' checkbox which uses the 'Map' Mac OS Control panel to set Unix's time zone information
Known to have problems booting the Mac IIvx

Version: 1.10.0
Author: Allen Briggs

New ability to boot from gzip-ed kernel files
Known to have problems booting the Mac IIvx

Version: 1.10.3b1
Author: Nigel Pearson

Some user interface improvements and new functionality
Fixes the recent problems with booting the Mac IIvx
New serial fields to set different default serial port speeds
New Monitors options which allow changing of the main screen depth before booting

Version: 1.11.1
Authors: Scott Reynolds, Nigel Pearson

More user interface improvements
If boot is aborted, resets monitor depth
Saves preferences in a file in the System Folder
Added video address hack for LC475/LC575 Macs to allow console on internal video
Mac OS kernel file can be selected using a file requestor, allowing selection of a kernel file which is an alias, is not in the current directory, et cetera
Better debugging/error output for low-level SCSI stuff

Version: 1.11.2
Authors: Eugenio Macia Vivo, Nigel Pearson

Booter now checks for Virtual Memory, and pops up an alert and exits if used
Monitors options now allow changing of main screen's resolution and colour mode (to greys) before booting. The latter is for some of the new Xservers which don't work with colour yet
Now correctly kills running applications (checks for AppleScript beforehand)

Version: 1.11.3
Author: Nigel Pearson

Booter can now request that the kernel jumps into a debugger after startup
Some flags moved around in (and between) dialogs
Low-level SCSI error-handling bugfixes
Bugfix of monitor depth change stuff (Booter 1.11.2 used to try change resolution whenever depth change was requested)

Who's responsible for this?

The Booter is currently being maintained by Nigel Pearson.<nigel@ind.tansu.com.au ornigel@socs.uts.edu.au>

There are a list of Booter improvement suggestions in the fileTO-DO.txt (in the src code package). Feel free toemail any new suggestions to Nigel after glancing through that file. Alsofeel free to contact Nigel about implementing any of them yourself!

If you have a bug report for the Booter, please send him a complete recordof your system configuration, including NuBus cards, along with a detaileddescription of the erroneous behavior and how to repeat it. If you brokeinto MacsBug, you should include the contents of the Standard Log (typeStdLog into the MacsBug command buffer and hit return; with luck it willend up in the Desktop Folder of your boot disk.) Note: If you got pastthe NetBSD copyright message, the error is probably not the fault of theBooter.

The long list of people have worked on the Booter: Allen Briggs, SteveBrown, Chris Caputo, Michael Finch, Brian Gaeke, Brad Grantham, MarkusHitter, Dan Jacobowitz, Lawrence Kesteloot, Nigel Pearson, Scott Reynolds,Bill Studenmund and Eugenio Macia Vivo.

This manual was written originally for NetBSD/mac68k Booter version 1.9.4by Brian Gaeke. Thanks to Bill Studenmund for descriptions of the new serialport options.

Copyrights, Trademarks, et cetera

Apple, Macintosh, LocalTalk, System 7, and Mac OS are all registeredtrademarks of Apple Computer Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademarkof SCO. Other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respectivecompanies.

Redistribution and use of this document, with or withoutmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditionsare met:

Redistributions of this document must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products including this document without specific prior written permission.

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS 'AS IS' AND ANY EXPRESS ORIMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIESOF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUTNOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANYTHEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OFTHIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

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