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New: Update for Stellarium and NightShade, May 2012
New: Update for Stellarium version 11.1
New: Update for version 0.9


Blooming Nightshade Mac Os Catalina

Stellarium warped for spherical mirror projection

Please note that the configuration options discussed here have been testedon the Mac OS-X version 0.8 of Stellarium unless otherwise noted. The config file on that platform islocated in the directory (~/Library/Preferences/Stellarium). In general theyhave also only been tested with the projector-mirror-dome are arranged in theorientation preferred by the author, it is also the optimal setup for a numberof reasons.

The following are some brief notes and recommendations on how to configure Stellarium so that itwarps images correctly for projection using a spherical mirror.For more details on this form of projection see the following:dome projection on a budget. It is not intended for thisdocument to discussdetails of dome design, what projector models work best, what mirror size to choose, orhow to source first surface mirrors, and so on ..for a discussion of these and other questionsplease contact the author.

At the time of writing the latest version of Stellarium was 0.8.2, as such these commentsrefer to that version. This was the first version with spherical mirror distortion support andthere are still issues to be resolved, hopefully in the release of the next versionat which point this document will be updated. The current implementation is at least functional.

Recommended configuration

There are a large number of ways the spherical mirror and projector can be arranged withinthe dome space. One of the key advantages of this technique, compared to fisheye solutions,is that the projection gear can be moved to the edge of the dome thus freeing up thebest viewing position, the center. Therefore the recommended mirror position is up against the rimof the dome, the projector will be placed some distance along the line from the mirror centerto the dome center. The exact position depends on the size of the mirror, the throw andzoom of the projector, and the degree of dome coverage you with to achieve. Typically I useand recommend mirrors with a radius of 0.37m or larger (smaller than this limits thechoice of projectors due to focus limitations). The projector, if it has the throw of mostcommodity projectors, will typically be located around 1m away from the mirror. In the caseof Stellarium, and indeed for almost all spherical mirror style projection, the center ofthe mirror, the center of the dome, the center of the light source, the zenith of thedome and the optical axis of the projector, are all assumed to lie in the same plane.

The coverage of the projector frustum on the mirror is of course variable and controlsthe amount of dome coverage. There is a trade off between dome coverage and the pixelefficiency (ie: image resolution and therefore perceived quality). In other words, if onlya small portion of the mirror is used the dome coverage will be lower but at a higherresolution than if a larger portion of the spherical mirror is used. As a starting pointand the coverage recommended by the author as a good compromise is as follows: alignthe lower row of pixels from the projector to lie along the mirror equator, position and/orzoom the projector so that the center of the upper row of pixels lie along the top of the mirror. Notethat the mirror shown is of the security/safety type that is less than a 1/4 sphere, forimages and measurements see this.

Stellarium configuration 0.8.2

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In Stellarium V0.8.2 the option for running in spherical mirror mode can be found in theconfiguration menu (video tab), the option can be made permanent within the config.ini file. The laterfile also allows one to set up the geometric parameters required for a correctly warped result.In general, for a successful result you will need to run Stellarium in full screen mode.

One usually will want to limit the fisheye image to the unit circle, this option (viewport) is also available through the configuration window.

The screen width and height options should be set to the native resolution of your projector. You will however get better results if you set the resolution higher as long as:

  • Your monitor can handle the resolution (likely, and almost certain for CRT)
  • Your projector can accept and downscale the resolution to its native resolution (usually the case, within reason, for current projectors)
  • You retain the aspect ratio of your projector, eg: 4:3

This 'trick' in order to get higher quality results depends on the scalar foundwithin the projector and may not be required in the next release of Stellarium.

Given the configuration described above and a 5m radius dome, the following would bea convenient starting point for the warping parameters. Please note that the flippingoptions will only work in the next release, at that time one will be able to view and driveusing the computer display. The mirroring will be achieved by setting the projector to horizontal flip mode (eg: 'floor-rear' configuration, the exact terminologymay change depending on the projector manufacturer).

Most of the above are self explanatory. The position of the projector is a littleambiguous because it isn't always obvious where the focal point is, as a rough measurea position 5cm behind the front of the lens will be close. In order to align the imagerymore precisely on the dome I suggest turning on the azimuthal grid (z key) and look straightup. The pole can be aligned to the pole of the dome and the horizon line aligned tothe rim of the dome. Achieve this by varying the 'scaling_factor' and the 'zenith_y'.The scaling factor is essentially adjusting for the projector zoom and throw. Thezenith_y is adjusting the overall tilt of the projector frustum.

For example, if the zoom is increased in the above configuration to 1.0 the resultis shown in the image on the left below. the vertical zenith value can be dropped tolower and correctly position the bottom of the image to the spring line (as described above)of the dome.

When doing the alignment it is helpful to make the azimuthal grid as clear as possible.The following is one way to do this.

The next most common adjustment is to reduce the projector position to be below the mirror so that lightcan be reflected over the top without causing a shadow (projector_position_z < 0).While this can be a rather tedious and repetitive process (adjusting both scaling andzenith value to get the right result), it only has to be performed once for a given configuration.

In the navigation section I suggest the following.

In general one wants to remove any menus that may overlap into the fisheye circle.

Stellarium configuration 0.9 (Sample configuration file)

With the release of Stellarium 0.9, support for spherical mirror projection is greatlyimproved, although there are still some rather frustrating aspects to a number of theirimplementation choices. I will not repeat the settings above that version 0.8 and 0.9have in common, the spherical mirror section that gives the right results for the standard spherical mirror projection arrangement is as follows:

In the video section, most modern graphics cards and drivers have no issue withnon power of two textures. Somewhat smoother operation can be achieved by matchingthe maximum frame rate to the vertical refresh of the projector, this is usually60Hz and this should also be set in the monitors control panel for the display. In any case, since locking to vertical refresh should be enabled to avoid tearing, there is no possibility of frame rates above the refresh setting of (typically 60 to 85 Hz for digital displays and pretty much exclusively 60Hz for digitalprojectors).

Notes:

  • The flipping is rather redundant, one normally wants to see the image correct onthe monitor and flipped digitally using the projector controls (image flipping issupported in all known data projectors).

  • The throw is defined differently to convention, it is normally quoted and measuredas the projector/image distance divided by the image width. In any case, the differencebetween the conventional definition and the one here is just a factor of the projectoraspect ratio. So commodity projectors (depending on the zoom have a throw of between 1.6and 2.4 (depending on the zoom), this corresponds to a 'image_distance_div_height' ofbetween 2.1 and 3.2 for a 4:3 aspect ratio. In the above 2.67 corresponds to a throw of 2.0.

  • Data projectors (except for very wide angle lens) generally have an offset lens. Thedegree of offset, except in projectors with mechanical lens shift, is fixed. The usualway of specifying this is as a percentage of the half image height, 0% is the on axis case, 100% is where theimage starts at the center of the lens. Generally projectors with standard lens have an offset of between 90 and 110%. DLP projectors (usually favoured for domeprojection due to high contrast ratios) commonly have offsets slightly above 100%,additionally ideal for spherical mirror projector since it allows the light to pass over the topof a level projector.

    Stellarium defines this offset as an angle, so for example in the above example witha throw of 2.0, the image height if the projector is 1m away is (1/2)*(3/4) = 0.375.For a projector with a 100% offset, the angle should be atan(0.375/2) = 10.6 degrees. Hippodrome casino review.

  • In the 'standard' (recommended) arrangement of the mirror with respect to the dome,the radius of the dome is not relevant.

  • The texture triangle length should be reduced to 4 or 8 for improved quality. Whilethis should have little performance issues for modern hardware, it may well be anissue on some machine configurations.

  • Unfortunately the developers have chosen to implement their own warp mesh approachand file format rather the more general one employed by myexisting software tools (and implemented by other developers). This precludes the elegant idea of having one mesh file for all applications at a particular site.Fortunately the above geometric approach is perfectly satisfactory for standard domeconfigurations.

  • When starting up in warped fisheye mode there is a bug if flag_use_ext_framebuffer_objectis set to true.

  • On PPC and Intel Macs, running Stellarium in warped fisheye mode results in a crashon quitting, the OS reports 'The application Stellarium quit unexpectedly.' error message. Not a serious issue since one was quitting anyway, just an annoying error message.

The configuration file now seems to reside in 'Library/Application Support/Stellarium'within the users home directory.

Unfortunately while the warping was never ideal, it is now broken on a couple of fronts.My understanding is that the last correctly operating version in this regard was 10.2.

Landscapes are handled a little different, they reside in 'Library/Application Support/Stellarium/landscapes/'in the users home directory. At the bare minimum they require a spherical projection and a landscape.inifile. Note that other projections are supported besides spherical, but that is the most generaland recommended by the author.An example is given in this zip file: polargrid.zip. Thisversion of Stellarium allows one to add the landscape through the gui rather than addingmanually. See 'Sky and Viewing Options menu', and choose the 'Landscape' tab.

Miscellaneous

Colour calibration

While not related to Stellarium, I cannot emphasise enough the importance of performinga computer/projector colour calibration when projecting fulldome. This is straightforward if you are using Mac OS-X, seethe displays control panel. Creating and using a correct colour profile significantlyimproves the colour and contrast levels. In general data projectors have avery high (or low depending on which way you define it) gamma. Values of more than 3are not uncommon, this corresponds to 1/3 in the Stellarium gamma correction setting.

Gain and black levels

Note also that by its very nature there is a lot of light inter-reflection inside a domeonto other surfaces of the dome. Ideally dome surfaces have gains that are as low as 0.5 and projectors withgood black levels make a big difference to the final image contrast. For this reason onetries to use a projector with a contrast ratio of at least 2000:1, this normallyis only available in DLP projectors .. at least in the commodity projector range.

Aspect ratio

In general, wide screen 16:9 projectors offer higher pixel efficiency when using aspherical mirror.

Sample screen shots (Click to enlarge)











Photos using an upright hemispherical dome.


Landscape images

Blooming Nightshade Mac Os Pro

Compiled/rendered by Paul Bourke

Available with different (lower) fields of view or higher resolution on request.

Examples

Blooming Nightshade Mac Os X

LocationPreviewlandscape.ini
Cahill, Sydney, Australia
Photographer: Peter Murphy
Eliza, Sydney, Australia
Photographer: Peter Murphy
Coogee Cementary, Sydney, Australia
Photographer: Peter Murphy
Star Sphere
Mathematics: Dan Thomasson
Bayon, Cambodia
Photographer: Peter Murphy
Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Photographer: Peter Murphy
Bakheng, Cambodia
Photographer: Peter Murphy
Hampi, India
Courtesy: Sarah Kenderdine
Antarctica
Courtesy: Peter Morse

Stellarium: Warping quality comparisons

The following comparisons are provided in an attempt to address some confusion overhow the image quality of a fisheye frame is affected by the warping process appliedfor projection using a spherical mirror. The image on the left is the fisheye framefrom Stellarium. The image on the right is an optimal warping of the identical viewsettings. The algorithm is not particularly special, the fisheye is rendered to atexture slightly larger (by between 30 to 50%) than the screen height. This resultingfisheye texture is then mapped onto a mesh with appropriate vertex and texture coordinates to accomplish the correct distortion. The slightly larger image rendering and thetexture mapping has a negligible performance hit on modern graphics cards.

Fisheye
Warped fisheye
XGA (768x768)
XGA (1024x768)
SXGA+ (1050x1050)
SXGA+ (1400x1050)
HD (1080x1080)
HD (1920x1080)

Notes

  • The thickening of the lines/text towards the top of the image should not be interpretedas a thickening of the corresponding image on the dome. All the lines appear the same thickness irrespective of where they are on the dome.

  • Star fields are very hard to successfully project with a single projector, this isespecially so with only an XGA projector, fisheye or spherical mirror. As might be imaginedwhile an HD projector is of little use for full fisheye projection using a fisheye lens,it is ideal for the spherical mirror which can take advantage of the additional width.

  • Better results can be achieved with a fisheye lens configured in a truncatedarrangement which is a closer match to the spherical mirror in terms of dome coverage.

  • If the images are zoomed in there is an obvious difference between the sharp pixeledges in the fisheye and the slightly blurred lines in the warped image. In reality thisis not necessarily a bad thing given that the lines are not inherently thicker, in computer graphics speak it is known as antialiasing and usually considered desirable. Indeed inmy opinion the quality of both images would be improved if Stellarium performed antialiasingitself.

  • It goes without saying that in order to get an exact image with a spherical mirror (the same asimage on the dame as with a fisheye) a precise warping mesh is required. That is, onecreated specifically for the particular hardware being used.


Photograph of Stellarium image in the iDome (Photographic difficulties accepted)

Nightshade version 10.2.1. Mac OS: Lion[Website downlink says 11.12.1]

Blooming Nightshade Mac Os Download

The configuration file for Nightshade is now located in the users home directoryin a hidden folder called .nightshade. For those familiar with the UNIX command lineit is ~/.nightshade/config.ini. A sample config file is given here:config1021.ini.

The settings relating to the spherical mirror are given below.These are similar to the 'standard 16 x 9' warp file others use/distribute.The approach is generally to adjust the scaling until the horizontal span isright and then adjust the zenith to raise or lower the horizon.

The two outstanding variables are 'zenith' and 'scaling'.zenith seems to try and compensate for lens offset and projector tilt.scaling seems to relate to the projector throw/zoom.The x axis is perpendicular to the page in the image above, I doubt very much whetheranyone mounts the projector/mirror at other than perpendicular to dome. If theydid I would doubt very much whether the correct warping would be performed. Thebasis for this believe is that it does not seem possible for the twovariables zenith and scaleto be able to cope with projector lens offset, rotation, and throw.

Remaining issues, comments ..

  • The texture resolution for the warping is far too low, it introduces obvious creasesin the image. I estimate at least twice the resolution is required, ideally it wouldbe a config file variable.

  • What happened to the ability to flip the image horizontally. Currently the image isreversed on the display, how strange! Ideally the default would be the opposite,correct on the display and use the projectors horizontal flipping to get the righteffect in the dome. 99% of projectors have horizontal flipping in order to be usedwith rear projection screens.

  • Turning on antialiasing (current MacBook Pro) didn't have any effect. A shamegiven the importance of antialiasing for good quality/appearing lines and text.

  • Recommending users install the Mac version using MacPorts and use the command lineto launch it is rather unfriendly and unnecessary. Convenient ifyou live in that world, rather antiquated otherwise. Cannot think of any other non-developerorientated product that does that.

Stellarium version 11.2. Mac OS: Lion

The configuration file (config.ini)for Stellarium is located in the user directory, Library directory,Application Support directory, Stellarium directory. Somewhat inconvenient to newusers since the Library directory is hidden by default.For those familiar with the UNIX command line it would be~/Library/Application Support/Stellarium/.

Unfortunately the resulting warping is still not correct, seems tohave been broken since version 10.2

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StatusReleased
PlatformsWindows, macOS, Linux, Android
Rating
AuthorJackkel Dragon
GenreVisual Novel, Adventure
Made withRen'Py
TagsFemale Protagonist, Lesbian, LGBT, Multiple Endings, Romance, Yuri
Average sessionA few minutes
LanguagesEnglish
InputsKeyboard, Mouse, Smartphone
LinksSteam

Download

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Development log

  • Release v11 Update
    May 01, 2020
  • Potential Major Changes for v10
    Nov 14, 2019
  • Blooming Nightshade v9 Release!
    Aug 18, 2019
  • Demo v8 Release
    Jun 22, 2019

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