1. Zeugma Mac Os X
2. Mac Os Mojave

In rhetoric, zeugma (/ˈzjuːɡmə/(listen); from the Ancient Greekζεῦγμα, zeûgma, lit. 'a yoking together'^[1]) and syllepsis (/sɪˈlɛpsɪs/; from the Ancient Greek σύλληψις, sullēpsis, lit. 'a taking together'^[2]) are figures of speech in which a single phrase or word joins different parts of a sentence.^[3]

Definition[edit]

In current usage, there are multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions for zeugma and syllepsis. This article categorizes these two figures of speech into four types, based on four definitions:

Type 1[edit]

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Grammatical syllepsis (sometimes also called zeugma): where a single word is used in relation to two other parts of a sentence although the word grammatically or logically applies to only one.^[2][4]

By definition, grammatical syllepsis will often be grammatically 'incorrect' according to traditional grammatical rules. However, such solecisms are sometimes not errors but intentional constructions in which the rules of grammar are bent by necessity or for stylistic effect.

• 'He works his work, I mine' (Tennyson, 'Ulysses').^[4]

It is ungrammatical from a grammarian's viewpoint, because 'works' does not grammatically agree with 'I': the sentence 'I works mine' would be ungrammatical. On the other hand, Tennyson's two sentences could be taken to deploy a different figure of speech, namely 'ellipsis'. The sentence would be taken to mean,

• 'He works his work, [and] I [work] mine.'

Read in this way, the conjunction is not ungrammatical.

Sometimes the 'error' is logical, rather than grammatical:

• 'When the people saw the thunder and lightning and heard the trumpet and saw the mountain in smoke, they trembled with fear. (Exodus 20:18a)'^[4]

Logically, they 'saw' only the lightning.

Type 2[edit]

Zeugma (often also called syllepsis, or semantic syllepsis): a single word is used with two other parts of a sentence but must be understood differently in relation to each.^[5][6][7][8] Example: 'He took his hat and his leave.' The type of figure is grammatically correct but creates its effect by seeming, at first hearing, to be incorrect by its exploiting multiple shades of meaning in a single word or phrase.

• 'Here Thou, great Anna! whom three Realms obey,
  Dost sometimes Counsel take – and sometimes Tea.' (Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock, Canto III)^[9][10]
• 'Miss Bolo [..] went straight home, in a flood of tears and a sedan-chair.' (Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, Chapter 35)^[9]
• 'She lowered her standards by raising her glass / Her courage, her eyes and his hopes..'When he asked 'What in heaven?' she made no reply, up her mind, and a dash for the door.' (Flanders and Swann, 'Have Some Madeira M'Dear')^[4][11]
• 'They covered themselves with dust and glory.' (Mark Twain).^[4]
• 'He watches afternoon repeats and the food he eats.' (Blur, 'Country House')
• 'You held your breath and the door for me.' (Alanis Morissette, 'Head Over Feet')
• 'I took the podium and my second trophy of the evening.' (Samuel R. Delany, 'Racism and Science Fiction')^[12]
• 'Quand les Français à tête folle / S’en allèrent dans l’Italie, / Ils gagnèrent à l’étourdie / Et Gênes et Naples et la Vérole.' ['On their flippant way through Italy, the French carelessly picked up Genoa, Naples and syphilis.'] (François Voltaire)^[13][14]

When the meaning of a verb varies for the nouns following it, there is a standard order for the nouns: the noun first takes the most prototypical or literal meaning of the verb and is followed by the noun or nouns taking the less prototypical or more figurative verb meanings.^[15]

• 'The boy swallowed milk and kisses,' as contrasted with 'The boy swallowed kisses and milk'.^[15]

The opposite process, in which the first noun expresses a figurative meaning and the second a more literal meaning, tends to create a comic effect: “and she feeds me love and tenderness and macaroons.” (The Stampeders, “Sweet City Woman”)

Type 3[edit]

The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms offers a much broader definition for zeugma by defining it as any case of parallelism and ellipsis working together so that a single word governs two or more other parts of a sentence.^[16]

• Vicit pudorem libido timorem audacia rationem amentia. (Cicero, Pro Cluentio, VI.15)

  'Lust conquered shame; audacity, fear; madness, reason.'

The more usual way of phrasing this would be 'Lust conquered shame, audacity conquered fear, and madness conquered reason.' The sentence consists of three parallel clauses, called parallel because each has the same word order: object, verb, subject in the original Latin; subject, verb, object in the English translation. The verb 'conquered' is a common element in each clause. The zeugma is created in both the original and the translation by removing the second and third instances of 'conquered'. Removing words that still can be understood by the context of the remaining words is ellipsis.

• Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. (Francis Bacon^[17]).

The more usual way of phrasing this would be 'Histories make men wise, poets make them witty, the mathematics make them subtle, natural philosophy makes them deep, moral [philosophy] makes them grave, and logic and rhetoric make them able to contend.'

Zeugmas are defined in this sense in Samuel Johnson's 18th-century A Dictionary of the English Language.^[18]

Type 4[edit]

A special case of semantic syllepsis occurs when a word or phrase is used both in its figurative and literal sense at the same time.^[3] Then, it is not necessary for the governing phrase to relate to two other parts of the sentence. One example, from the song 'What's My Name?', is: 'Okay, there we go / Only thing we have on is the radio.' Another example is in an advertisement for a transport company: 'We go a long way for you.' This type of syllepsis operates in a similar manner to a homonymic pun.

Other types and related figures[edit]

There are several other definitions of zeugma that encompass other ways in which one word in a sentence can relate to two or more others. Even a simple construction like 'this is easy and comprehensible' has been called^[3] a 'zeugma without complication' because 'is' governs both 'easy' and 'comprehensible'.

Specialized figures have been defined to distinguish zeugmas with particular characteristics such as the following figures, which relate to the specific type and location of the governing word:

Diazeugma[edit]

A diazeugma^[19]is a zeugma whose only subject governs multiple verbs. A diazeugma whose only subject begins the sentence and controls a series of verbs is a 'disjunction' (disiunctio) in the Rhetorica ad Herennium.^[20]

• Populus Romanus Numantiam delevit Kartaginem sustulit Corinthum disiecit Fregellas evertit. (Anon. Rhetorica ad Herennium. IV. xxvii.^[20])

  The Roman people destroyedNumantia, razedCarthage, demolishedCorinth, and overthrewFregellae.

• 'We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.' (Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy)

Hypozeugma[edit]

Hypozeugma^[21]or 'adjunctions' (adiunctio)^[22] is used in a construction containing several phrases and occurs when the word or words on which all of the phrases depend are placed at the end.

• Assure yourself that Damon to his Pythias, Pylades to his Orestes, Titus to his Gysippus, Theseus to his Pyrothus, Scipio to his Laelius, was never found more faithful than Euphues will be to his Philautus. (John Lyly, Euphues)^[23]

Prozeugma[edit]

A prozeugma,^[24]synezeugmenon, or praeiunctio is a zeugma whose governing word occurs in the first clause of the sentence.^[23]

• Vicit pudorem libido timorem audacia rationem amentia. (Cicero, Pro Cluentio, VI.15)

  'Lust conquered shame; audacity, fear; madness, reason.'

• Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. (Francis Bacon^[17]).

Mesozeugma[edit]

A mesozeugma^[25]is a zeugma whose governing word occurs in the middle of the sentence and governs clauses on either side. A mesozeugma whose common term is a verb is called 'conjunction' (coniunctio) in the Roman Rhetorica ad Herennium.^[20]

• 'What a shame is this, that neither hope of reward, nor feare of reproch could any thing move him, neither the persuasion of his friends, nor the love of his country. [sic]' (Henry Peacham)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Liddell, H. G. & al. A Greek-English Lexicon. 'ζεῦγμα'. Perseus Project. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
2. ^ ^abRandom House Dictionary. 'Syllepsis'. 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
3. ^ ^abcBernard Marie Dupriez (1991). A Dictionary of Literary Devices: Gradus, A-Z. University of Toronto Press. p. 440. ISBN978-0-8020-6803-3. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
4. ^ ^abcde'Zeugma'. Literary Devices. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
5. ^Random House Dictionary. 'Zeugma'. 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
6. ^Oxford Dictionaries Online. 'Zeugma'. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
7. ^WordNet. 'Zeugma'. Princeton University Press. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
8. ^Knapp, James F. The Norton Anthology of Poetry. 'Glossary of Literary Terms'. W. W. Norton & Co., 2005. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
9. ^ ^abBaldwick, Chris. 2008. Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 'Syllepsis' Oxford University Press. New York. p. 325.
10. ^Corbett, Edward P.J. and Conners, Robert J. 1999. Style and Statement. Oxford University Press. New York. Oxford. pp. 63-64.
11. ^Burton, Neel (2019). 'Chapter 6: Rhetoric'. Hypersanity: Thinking Beyond Thinking. Acheron. ISBN9781913260002.
12. ^Delany, Samuel R. (August 1998). 'Racism and Science Fiction'. New York Review of Science Fiction (120). Retrieved 2 July 2020.
13. ^Feltgen (11 December 2002). 'Histoire de la lutte contre les maladies vénériennes à Rouen'(PDF). Groupe Histoire des Hôpitaux de Rouen. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
14. ^Frith, John (November 2012). 'Syphilis: Its Early History and Treatment Until Penicillin, and the Debate on its Origins'(PDF). Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. 20 (4): 49–56.
15. ^ ^abShen, Yeshayahu (March 1998). 'Zeugma: Prototypes, Categories, And Metaphors'. Metaphor and Symbol. 13 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms1301_3.
16. ^Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 'Zeugma'. 2004.
17. ^ ^abBacon, Francis (1601). 'Of Studies'.
18. ^Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language.'Zeugma'. 1755. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
19. ^'diazeugma'. Silva Rhetoricae. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
20. ^ ^abcRhetorica ad Herennium. IV. xxvii. Retrieved 24 January 2013. via Internet Archive
21. ^'hypozeugma'. Silva Rhetoricae. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
22. ^Rhetorica ad Herennium
    
23. ^ ^abRiccio, Ottone M. (1980). The intimate art of writing poetry. Prentice-Hall. Retrieved 12 May 2013. prozeugma figure of speech.
24. ^'prozeugma'. Silva Rhetoricae. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
25. ^'mesozeugma'. Silva Rhetoricae. Retrieved 13 June 2016.

External links[edit]

• Perseus Project with links to original sources on rhetoric
• Zeugma Explained

Posted on 09/22/2009 6:08:18 AM PDT by Sudetenland

Hackers just like the PC more.

Regardless of which side you're on (though as a true computing enthusiast, you shouldn't be taking sides), you've heard the arguments back and forth on the which operating system is truly safer – Mac OS X or Windows.

It is of the opinion of Charlie Miller, a well known Mac security guru, that even Snow Leopard, the latest version of Mac OS X, isn't as safe as Windows.

One key point is that Snow Leopard still doesn't have ASLR, or address space layout randomization, which randomly arranges the position of key data making it harder for hackers to target for exploits.

Miller said to TechWorld that Apple didn't change the ASLR from 10.5 to 10.6: 'Apple didn't change anything. It's the exact same ASLR as in Leopard, which means it's not very good.'

Apple didn’t completely missed the chance to tighten up security in Snow Leopard though, as the new QuickTime solves a lot of the issues that Mac OS X had before.

'Apple rewrote a bunch of QuickTime,' said Miller, 'which was really smart, since it's been the source of lots of bugs in the past.'

One thing that Snow Leopard did adapt, which Windows has had since XP SP2, is DEP (data execution prevention). With DEP, buffer overflow attacks are much harder to execute.

Despite Miller's opinion that Windows is the more secure OS, the large install based of Microsoft-based systems make them a much more attractive target for hackers. Still, Miller would like to see security on all platforms.

'Snow Leopard's more secure than Leopard, but it's not as secure as Vista or Windows 7,' he said. 'When Apple has both [in place], that's when I'll stop complaining about Apple's security.'

Source : Tom's Hardware US

I just picked up the Green AV spyware virus on my PC, and I’ve already posted a help request yesterday on FR, and I have received many responses on how to remove it, but the fact that I got it in the first place aggravates me. I gave up and gave it to a neighbor who has some computer expertise, so I hope he can get rid of it for me. Otherwise, I will have to restore my hard drive to its original state when I bought it, and that will be a pain as anyone who has a computer knows.

Dang right! Who are you going to believe? Me or your own lyin' eyes??!!!

If you repeat something often enough to enough people it becomes a fact. ie: Macs cannot be attcked.
But security doesn’t mean a thing when your motivation is an ego stroke.
There is a reason that you see a lot of Apple computer in K to 4th grade classrooms but then see PC’s in the higher grades. It doesn’t take any knowledge to use a Mac, but in the real world the job you get, 95% of the computer knowledge you need will be for a PC.

I'm a PC guy myself, but this kind of post is one of the most annoying things I see on FR. It gets used WAAAAY too much.

It's like 'don't you dare disagree with me, in fact if you do, I'm going to call you a xxxBOT in advance and you'll just be jumping in because I TOLD you to!! HA!'

It's smug, snarky and juvenile.

How about that. Only 2 posts before the gratuitous insults of people who use Macs. Who's the bot?

All,

This article is a retread:9/17 Snow Leopard less secure than Windows, says hacker

have your neighbor friend run combofix.exe on it. google to find. cures most spyware infections.

The whole point of that kind of post is to head off any real discussion. It's a classic lefty tactic.

Or you could just buy a Mac..

Precisely. Broforce free for mac.

I would *HOPE* FReepers would be above it.

Thank you! I'm really growing weary of the Mac folks constantly drilling the 'you need to get a Mac' vibe into my head. No thank you! I'm quite content with my PC, and I've NEVER had a virus on my machines. Practicing safe browsing and treating everything as a threat keeps me safe. PCs are more ubiquitous, and I don't have to deal with BootCamp or a dual-boot scenario.

And as far as the xxxBOT comments, I agree. No need to blast people for their opinions, but leave me alone. I like my PC just fine. I don't want to spend $2000 for a Mac.

Yep, the huge hairball of code, known as Windows never will make it easy nor pretty to secure a system.

Security problems with *NIXes are usually due to operator error.

But all code has errors in it, as windows users knows quite well.

The savior for windows is the new 64 bit NX(no execute) bit technology in the CPU chip, separating out code and data, so the data cannot execute. This should do away with over 95% of the known windows viruses. Script kiddies are done. https://downnfile543.weebly.com/particle-designer-2-7-crack-free-download-mac-os-x.html.

I think both MS and Apple are worried about Linux, like Ubuntu, which is now good enough and free.

I have Windows 7 on my daily driver and it is fine. I am purposely running with only the NX technology enabled and no virus checking. I do a lot of testing on nefarious sites, for research only of course. The good news is most big email providers do the virus test on every email that comes through their system.

Shhhhh!
Don't tell it to the Macbots. They think they look so darn cute overpaying for an Apple logo, and walking down the street packing a Mac. Don't burst their bubble. LOL!

Zeugma Mac Os X

Who you gonna believe, scientific studies of security issues in Vista/Win 7 versus the Mac, or yet another spouting of anti-Microsoft, open source propaganda from some anonymous bomb thrower on the internet?

Mac Os Mojave

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